{"id":213,"date":"2011-04-12T07:44:25","date_gmt":"2011-04-12T07:44:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/viethannom.wordpress.com\/?p=213"},"modified":"2013-12-01T13:38:31","modified_gmt":"2013-12-01T13:38:31","slug":"hi%e1%bb%87n-t%c6%b0%e1%bb%a3ng-d%e1%bb%93ng-nghia-gi%e1%bb%afa-ch%e1%bb%af-nom-vi%e1%bb%87t-va-ch%e1%bb%af-vuong-choang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/?p=213","title":{"rendered":"HI\u1ec6N T\u01af\u1ee2NG \u0110\u1ed2NG NGH\u0128A GI\u1eeeA CH\u1eee N\u00d4M VI\u1ec6T V\u00c0 CH\u1eee VU\u00d4NG CHOANG"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ngu\u1ed3n: T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed H\u00e1n N\u00f4m s\u1ed1 2\/1997<\/a> :<\/p>\n

Ghi ch\u00fa: Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n blog n\u00e0y (fanzung) c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ebft th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u so s\u00e1nh ch\u1eef kh\u1ed1i vu\u00f4ng Choang v\u1edbi ch\u1eef N\u00f4m Vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef \u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a GS Nguy\u1ec5n Quang H\u1ed3ng trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed H\u00e1n N\u00f4m s\u1ed1 2\/1997 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i ghi tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, n\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u0103ng l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean v\u0103n b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a GS H\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ec9 chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e3 font “Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m Kh\u1ea3i” c\u0169 v\u1ec1 d\u1ea1ng Unicode \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1n “T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ch\u1eef Choang c\u1ed5”.<\/p>\n

\n

HI\u1ec6N T\u01af\u1ee2NG \u0110\u1ed2NG NGH\u0128A GI\u1eeeA<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

CH\u1eee N\u00d4M VI\u1ec6T V\u00c0 CH\u1eee VU\u00d4NG CHOANG<\/strong><\/p>\n


\nNGUY\u1ec4N QUANG H\u1ed2NG<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

O. L\u1edcI D\u1eaaN<\/strong><\/p>\n

01. \u0110\u1ed3ng<\/em> (\u50ee<\/span>) hay Tr\u00e1ng<\/em> (\u649e<\/span> ho\u1eb7c \u58ef<\/span>) m\u00e0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn quen g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Choang,<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng th\u1ee9 hai, sau d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c H\u00e1n, trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Hi\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 13 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn (12 tri\u1ec7u) c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, V\u00e2n Nam, Qu\u00fd Ch\u00e2u. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang v\u1ed1n thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u00c2u (Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7t) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t trong kh\u1ed1i B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t (Kinh) \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00ec b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u00f3m L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 qua s\u1ef1 chung \u0111\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m T\u00e2y \u00c2u m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 sau. ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi N\u00f9ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t B\u1eafc ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng Choang \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 huy\u1ebft
\nth\u1ed1ng. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Choang, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u01a1 th\u1ee7y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau (chi M\u00f4n – Khmer ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Nam \u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, chi \u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1i ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 H\u00e1n – T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng (Choang ?). Song do quan h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp l\u00e2u d\u00e0i (t\u1eeb th\u1eddi B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5), gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Choang (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ng\u1eef \u00e2m v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1eeda v\u0103n minh ch\u1eef H\u00e1n. Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u thu n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 dung h\u00f2a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb ng\u1eef g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng n\u00e9t b\u00fat v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m bi\u1ec3u \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng Choang<\/em> c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m bia \u0110\u1ea0I T\u1ee4NG BI (t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 Tr\u1eebng Ch\u00e2u V\u00f4 Ngu huy\u1ec7n l\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ee5ng bi), <\/em>do Th\u1ee9 s\u1eed Tr\u00ecnh Ch\u00e2u l\u00e0 Nghi K\u00ednh so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng n\u0103m V\u0129nh Thu\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean ni\u00ean (t\u1ee9c n\u0103m 682), \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong t\u1ea5m bia n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 H\u00e1n, th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u theo ti\u1ebfng Choang. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u90a3<\/span> na<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “ru\u1ed9ng” (\u7530<\/span>), l\u00e0 ch\u1eef m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng Choang v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef N\u00f4m T\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng Choang ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Choang v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecnh th\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef, m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e1y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m Vi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 N\u00f4m Vi\u1ec7t, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m h\u1eefu danh v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft danh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em ra kh\u1eafc b\u00e1n v\u00e0 in \u1ea5n h\u1eb3n hoi. C\u00f2n v\u1edbi ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng Choang th\u00ec h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc in,<\/em> m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng Choang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ch\u00e9p tay.<\/em> \u0110\u00e2u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef N\u00f4m T\u00e0y \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft m\u1edbi – Ch\u1eef Choang phi\u00ean \u00e2m,<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra d\u1ef1a theo c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i La tinh. Song ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng Choang v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf v\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Choang, v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong \u0111\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n gian c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang.<\/strong><\/p>\n

02. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Choang, ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Choang, x\u00e9t tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 theo quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n<\/em> hay quan h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac,<\/em> \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00edt nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u so s\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quan t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 trong quan h\u1ec7 giao l\u01b0u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c trong c\u00f9ng khu v\u1ef1c, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n l\u01b0u \u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh<\/em> gi\u1eefa ch\u1eef N\u00f4m Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng Choang.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh<\/em> \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong hai th\u1ee9 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 \u0111ang x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ng\u1eef v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng n\u00e0o (theo ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef H\u00e1n) c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t theo ba kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau (v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0: m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef (h\u00ecnh),<\/em> m\u1eb7t \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef (\u00e2m) <\/em>v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef (ngh\u0129a).<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u1eady, khi xem x\u00e9t m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh, L\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef<\/em> l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a v\u00e0 tham chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi \u00e2m ch\u1eef<\/em> v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c l\u1edbp lang c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.
\nTheo \u0111\u00f3, ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng (v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n) ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef N\u00f4m Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng Choang nh\u01b0 sau:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh, g\u1ea7n \u00e2m, g\u1ea7n ngh\u0129a
\n2. \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n \u00e2m, kh\u00e1c ngh\u0129a
\n3. \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh, kh\u00e1c \u00e2m, g\u1ea7n ngh\u0129a
\n4. \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh, kh\u00e1c \u00e2m, kh\u00e1c ngh\u0129a.<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i ngay r\u1eb1ng, gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00f2n \u00e2m ch\u1eef v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00e2m v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nhau.<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t xem x\u00e9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa ch\u1eef N\u00f4m Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng Choang theo c\u00e1c l\u1edbp lang nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee9 li\u1ec7u, xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd m\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u quy \u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a\/ C\u00e1c ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft v\u00e0 k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u:<\/em>
\n– V: (Vi\u1ec7t)<\/em> – \u00e2m v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef N\u00f4m \u0111ang x\u00e9t trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. \u00c2m \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi theo ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.<\/strong><\/p>\n

– C: (Choang)<\/em> – \u00e2m v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 trong H\u00e1n ng\u1eef. \u00c2m \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n phi\u00ean \u00e2m th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ri\u00eang thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ghi theo ch\u1eef s\u1ed1: \u00c2m b\u00ecnh: <\/em>1; D\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ecnh: <\/em>2; Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng thanh:<\/em> 3; Kh\u1ee9 thanh: <\/em>4;.
\n– HV: (H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t)<\/em> – \u00c2m H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u0111ang x\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi theo ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef.
\n– D\u1ea5u #bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chi\u1ebft<\/em> ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p.<\/em>
\n– D\u1ea5u ~ : thay cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang x\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i (ch\u1eef, \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc, th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef).<\/strong><\/p>\n

b\/ V\u1ec1 ch\u1eef Choang phi\u00ean \u00e2m:<\/em> \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n theo d\u00f5i, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi b\u1eb1ng 2 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i: mb<\/em> [b], nd<\/em> [d], ny<\/em> [ ], ng<\/em> [ ], by<\/em> [pj], my<\/em> [mj], gy<\/em> [kj], gv<\/em>
\n[kw], ngv<\/em> [ w].
\n– C\u00e1c \u00e2m a, o<\/em> trong hai v\u1ea7n ac, oc<\/em> l\u00e0 \u00e2m ng\u1eafn. C\u00e1c \u00e2m i, u<\/em> trong ie, ue<\/em> l\u00e0 \u00e2m d\u00e0i. Ch\u1eef w <\/em>\u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u01b0<\/em> [ui] Vi\u1ec7t.
\n– Thanh \u0111i\u1ec7u ch\u1eef Choang phi\u00ean \u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ghi b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u thanh, m\u00e0 ghi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m \u1edf cu\u1ed1i m\u1ed7i \u00e2m ti\u1ebft: Thanh 1<\/em> : kh\u00f4ng ghi; Thanh 2<\/em> : -z; Thanh 3: <\/em>-j; Thanh 4:<\/em> -x; Thanh 5:<\/em> -q; Thanh 6: <\/em>
\n-h; Thanh 7<\/em> l\u00e0 thanh nh\u1eadp b\u1ed5ng ghi b\u1eb1ng -p, -t, -k; Thanh 8<\/em> l\u00e0 thanh nh\u1eadp tr\u1ea7m, ghi b\u1eb1ng -b, -d, -g \u1edf cu\u1ed1i v\u1ea7n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh, g\u1ea7n \u00e2m, g\u1ea7n ngh\u0129a <\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t theo m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u00e0m hai ti\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef ghi ng\u1eef t\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1ee3n H\u00e1n.
\n– Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef ghi ng\u1eef t\u1ed1 ghi ng\u1eef t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n(1).<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.1 Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef ghi ng\u1eef t\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1ee3n H\u00e1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai nh\u00f3m trong ti\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.1.1 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef N\u00f4m Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng Choang, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1ee3n d\u00f9ng nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u01b0\u1ee3n ng\u1eef t\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1ee3n lu\u00f4n c\u00e1c ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Choang. Ch\u1ec9 xin ghi ra \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i ch\u1eef l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ;<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5e95<\/span> V: \u0111\u00e1y,<\/em> C: daej. \u0110\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a “d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y, n\u01a1i t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi” (HV: \u0111\u1ec3,<\/em> H: di3).<\/em>
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7d72<\/span> V: t\u01a1,<\/em> C: sei. <\/em>\u0110\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9, s\u1ee3i t\u01a1”. (HV: ti,<\/em> H: si1)<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u57ec<\/span> V: \u0111\u1ed1ng, <\/em>C: dong.<\/em> \u0110\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “d\u1ed3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed1i nh\u00f4 l\u00ean” ( HV: \u0111\u1ed1ng, <\/em>H: dong4).<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u7279<\/span> V: \u0111\u1ef1c,<\/em> “con v\u1eadt t\u00ednh d\u01b0\u01a1ng”, C: daeg – “\u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng”.<\/em> HV: \u0111\u1eb7c, H: te4). <\/em>Ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a “tr\u00e2u \u0111\u1ef1c, con v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ef1c”.<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.1.2. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Choang \u0111\u1ec1u m\u01b0\u1ee3n ngh\u0129a t\u1ed1 H\u00e1n, song \u0111\u1ec3 ghi c\u00e1c ng\u1eef t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef m\u1edbi, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef.<\/strong><\/p>\n

a\/ Th\u00eam d\u1ea5u ph\u1ee5 (d\u1ea5u nh\u00e1y)<\/em> v\u00e0o ch\u1eef v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef t\u1ed1 H\u00e1n (ch\u1eef H\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft, ki\u1ec3u gi\u1ea3n th\u1ec3). V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

b\/ Th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 th\u1ee7 (ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecf ngh\u0129a) v\u00e0o ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ch\u1eef m\u1edbi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

c\/ Thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 (bi\u1ec3u \u00e2m ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3u \u00fd) c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ch\u1eef m\u1edbi:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

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\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

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\n

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d\/ T\u1ea1o h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o trong ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f9ng ghi m\u1ed9t ng\u1eef t\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1ee3n H\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Choang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.2. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef ghi ng\u1eef t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eefng ng\u1eef t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1 theo \u00e2m<\/em> (m\u01b0\u1ee3n h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef v\u00e0 \u00e2m, \u0111\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef H\u00e1n) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1 theo ngh\u0129a<\/em> (m\u01b0\u1ee3n h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, l\u1ea5y ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc theo \u00e2m b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta quan t\u00e2m h\u01a1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef vu\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Choang, xem ch\u00fang c\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u1eef t\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n \u00e2m, g\u1ea7n ngh\u0129a phi g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n gi\u1eefa Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Choang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef v\u01b0\u00f4ng Choang l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng(2). <\/strong><\/p>\n

a\/ Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf theo \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/em> V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

V: b\u00e8o,<\/em> C: biuz.<\/em> \u0110\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “rau b\u00e8o, b\u00e8o b\u1ecdt”.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

V: b\u01b0\u01a1n,<\/em> C: banh.<\/em> \u0110\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “x\u00f4ng x\u00e1o, b\u01b0\u01a1n ch\u1ea3i, b\u01b0\u01a1n ch\u1ea1y”.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u571f+\u5317<\/span> V: b\u1eadc,<\/em> C: mbaek.<\/em> \u0110\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a “b\u1eadc th\u1ec1m” <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6272<\/span> V: c\u1ea7m,<\/em> C: gaem.<\/em> \u0110\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a “n\u1eafm gi\u1eef trong tay”.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ngu\u1ed3n: T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed H\u00e1n N\u00f4m s\u1ed1 2\/1997 : Ghi ch\u00fa: Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n blog n\u00e0y (fanzung) c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ebft th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u so s\u00e1nh ch\u1eef kh\u1ed1i vu\u00f4ng Choang v\u1edbi ch\u1eef N\u00f4m Vi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef \u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a GS Nguy\u1ec5n Quang H\u1ed3ng trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed H\u00e1n N\u00f4m s\u1ed1 2\/1997 \u0111\u00e3 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-213","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ch-han-vit"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/213","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=213"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/213\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":596,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/213\/revisions\/596"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=213"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=213"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=213"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}