{"id":2585,"date":"2019-09-22T19:38:11","date_gmt":"2019-09-22T19:38:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/fanzung.com\/?p=2585"},"modified":"2026-06-13T13:25:49","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T13:25:49","slug":"ve-hien-tuong-tranh-am-chu-huy-bang-am-co","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/?p=2585","title":{"rendered":"V\u1ec0 HI\u1ec6N T\u01af\u1ee2NG TR\u00c1NH \u00c2M CH\u1eee H\u00daY B\u1eb0NG \u00c2M C\u1ed4"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>(B\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Hu\u1ebf X\u01b0a V\u00e0 Nay)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00d3M T\u1eaeT:<br \/>\n<\/strong>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c ch\u1eef h\u00fay t\u1eeb kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ng\u1eef \u00e2m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c c\u1ee9 li\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00e1nh \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef k\u1ef5 h\u00fay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e2m c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ch\u1eef h\u00fay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1 k\u1ef9, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 hai c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u201cCh\u1eef h\u00fay Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d c\u1ee7a GS Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd \u1edf Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u H\u00e1n N\u00f4m v\u00e0 \u201cH\u00fay k\u1ef5 v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u00fay th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Thu \u1edf Hu\u1ebf (cu\u1ed1n sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tham gia ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea7n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n). Tuy v\u1eady v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef5 h\u00fay \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed5 \u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u1eef c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh h\u00fay m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u minh h\u1ecda<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u00ean L\u1ec5 Th\u00e0nh H\u1ea7u Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu K\u00ednh \u962e\u6709\u93e1 : C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ki\u00eang h\u00fay ch\u1eef K\u00ednh \u93e1 th\u00e0nh \u201cC\u1ea3nh\u201d hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, r\u1ea5t \u00edt s\u00e1ch v\u1edf c\u00f2n ghi t\u00ean theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc K\u00ednh. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1edf T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t B\u1ed3 La c\u1ee7a A.D.Rhodes (1651) cho th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu K\u00ednh sinh ra (1650) th\u00ec c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc K\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 Khang Hy T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u00ec c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1nh\u201d:<br \/>\n\u300a\u5510\u97fb\u300b\u300a\u96c6\u97fb\u300b\u300a\u97fb\u6703\u300b\u300a\u6b63\u97fb\u300b\u5c45\u6176\u5207\uff0c\u97f3\u7adf \u00a0\u00a0<em>{\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn } {T\u1eadp v\u1eadn} {V\u1eadn h\u1ed9i } {Ch\u00ednh v\u1eadn } c\u01b0 kh\u00e1nh thi\u1ebft , \u00e2m c\u00e1nh. <\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u00e1nh h\u00fay l\u00e0 \u201cC\u1ea3nh\u201d l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u00e2m c\u1ed5 th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng (theo \u201c<em>\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn<\/em>\u201d) h\u01a1n \u201cK\u00ednh\u201d. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef (kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1eddi H\u00e1n v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc) c\u1ee7a 6 nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng k\u00ea ra \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y C\u1ea3nh\/C\u00e1nh g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u00e2m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u201cK\u00ednh\u201d, c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \/a\/:<\/p>\n<p>Karlgren: ki \u032fa \u0306\u014b<br \/>\nL\u00ed Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ebf: kjia\u014b<br \/>\nV\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1c: kya\u014b<br \/>\nBaxter: krja\u014bs<br \/>\nTr\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: kra\u014bs<br \/>\nPhan Ng\u1ed9 V\u00e2n: kra\u014bs<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u00ean ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh T\u00f9ng \u912d\u677e, T\u00f9ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Chu (theo s\u00e1ch <em>Ho\u00e0ng Tri\u1ec1u Ng\u1ecdc \u0110i\u1ec7p<\/em>) n\u00ean \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng Trong c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh h\u00fay nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, \u00e2m k\u1ef5 h\u00fay l\u00e0 T\u00f2ng. X\u00e9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Karlgren: su\u014b<br \/>\nL\u00ed Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ebf: sku\u014bh<br \/>\nV\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1c: so\u014b<br \/>\nBaxter: sko\u014bs<br \/>\nTr\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: sqhloo\u014bs<br \/>\nPhan Ng\u1ed9 V\u00e2n: sqloo\u014bs<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 4 tr\u00ean 6 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m c\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \/\u00f4\/ hay \/o\/ ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \/u\/, \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m tr\u00f2n m\u00f4i nh\u01b0ng \u00f4\/o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edf mi\u1ec7ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n u, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc N\u00f4m l\u00e0 c\u00e2y \u201cth\u00f4ng\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady T\u00f2ng l\u00e0 \u00e2m c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n \u00e2m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i ki\u00eang h\u00fay l\u00e0 \u201cT\u00f9ng\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u00ean ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Chu \u962e\u798f\u6dcd<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>: Ki\u00eang h\u00fay Chu \u0111\u1ecdc ra Ch\u00e2u, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u00ean Ng\u00f4 T\u00f9ng Chu, m\u1ed9t danh t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 T\u00f2ng Ch\u00e2u. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef chu \u5468:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Karlgren: \u0236i \u032f\u028ag<br \/>\nL\u00ed Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ebf: tj\u0259gw<br \/>\nV\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1c: t\u0255iu<br \/>\nBaxter: tjiw<br \/>\nTr\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: tj\u026fw<br \/>\nPhan Ng\u1ed9 V\u00e2n: tj\u026fw<\/p>\n<p>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ed5 \u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \u0111\u01a1n \/u\/ m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m ph\u1ee9c c\u00f3 -u \u1edf cu\u1ed1i, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u201cCh\u00e2u\u201d h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u00ean ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Th\u1ee5 \u962e\u798f\u6f8d,tr\u00e1nh h\u00fay \u00e2m th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecdc ra th\u1ecd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef th\u1ee5 \u6f8d:<\/p>\n<p>Karlgren: \u0236i \u032fu<br \/>\nL\u00ed Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ebf: tjugh<br \/>\nV\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1c: t\u0255io<br \/>\nBaxter: tjos<br \/>\nTr\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: tjos<br \/>\nPhan Ng\u1ed9 V\u00e2n: tjos<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \u201cth\u1ecd\u201d l\u00e0 \u00e2m c\u1ed5 h\u01a1n \u201cth\u1ee5\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u00ean hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Kho\u00e1t l\u00e0 V\u0169 V\u01b0\u01a1ng, do tr\u00e1nh \u00e2m V\u0169 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh V\u00f5. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef v\u00f5\/v\u0169 \u6b66:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Karlgren: mi \u032fwo<br \/>\nL\u00ed Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ebf: mjagx<br \/>\nV\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1c: mia<br \/>\nBaxter: \u014bpja\u0294<br \/>\nTr\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: ma\u0294<br \/>\nPhan Ng\u1ed9 V\u00e2n: mba\u0294<\/p>\n<p>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \u00e2m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c xa v\u1edbi \u00e2m Trung c\u1ed5 \u201cv\u0169\u201d (\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e2m), ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1c \/mia\/ \u0111\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u201cm\u01b0a\u201d cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi \u201cv\u0169 \u96e8\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cm\u01b0a\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u201cv\u0169\u96e8\u201d, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m v\u1edbi ch\u1eef\u6b66. Do nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \/a\/ c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edf mi\u1ec7ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n \/u\/ n\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u201co\u201d h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u201cu\u201d, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Karlgren ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 \u201co\u201d \u1edf cu\u1ed1i (mi \u032fwo), nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u201cV\u00f5\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ed5.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u00ean vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Dung \u962e\u798f\u66e7, do tr\u00e1nh h\u00fay n\u00ean dung \u0111\u1ecdc ra dong.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef dung\u5bb9 (ch\u1eef dung n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eef h\u00fay nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e2m n\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh):<\/p>\n<p>Karlgren: di \u032fu\u014b<br \/>\nL\u00ed Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ebf: grju\u014b<br \/>\nV\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1c: \u028eio\u014b<br \/>\nBaxter: ljo\u014b<br \/>\nTr\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: lo\u014b<br \/>\nPhan Ng\u1ed9 V\u00e2n:\u00a0glo\u014b<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 4\/6 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean nguy\u00ean \u00e2m l\u00e0 \/o\/. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p dung\/dong n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u0169\/v\u00f5, th\u1ee5\/th\u1ecd, t\u00f9ng\/t\u00f2ng \u2026 t\u1ea1o l\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 quy lu\u1eadt cho th\u1ea5y \u00e2m tr\u00e1nh h\u00fay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u00ean vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Th\u00ec\u962e\u798f\u6642, do tr\u00e1nh h\u00fay ch\u1eef Th\u00ec n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc ra Th\u1eddi .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef:<\/p>\n<p>Karlgren: \u0221i \u032f\u0259g<br \/>\nL\u00ed Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ebf: dj\u0259g<br \/>\nV\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1c: \u0291i\u0259<br \/>\nBaxter: dj\u0259<br \/>\nTr\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: dj<br \/>\nPhan Ng\u1ed9 V\u00e2n: dj\u026f<\/p>\n<p>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y th\u00ec th\u1ea5y c\u1ed5 \u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m \/i\/ c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edf mi\u1ec7ng h\u1eb9p m\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \/\u0259\/ (\u01a1) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edf mi\u1ec7ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u201cgi\u1edd\u201d c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t (th\u1eddi gi\u1edd, gi\u1edd gi\u1ea5c, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, bao gi\u1edd\u2026). C\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc di \u79fb=d\u1eddi, l\u1ecb \u5229=l\u1ee3i, ngh\u1ecb \u8b70=ng\u1ee3i, kh\u1ec9 \u8d77=kh\u1edfi c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 \u201cN\u00f4m h\u00f3a\u201d c\u1ee7a th\u00ec, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c do ph\u1ea3i ki\u00eang h\u00fay ch\u1eef Th\u00ec \u6642 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi \u201cs\u00e1ng t\u00e1c\u201d ra.<\/p>\n<p>T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t B\u1ed3 La A.D.Rhodes tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb \u201cth\u00e2y\u201d l\u00e0 x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft (ch\u1eef H\u00e1n l\u00e0 thi \u5c38), c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u00ec, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u00e2m th\u00e2y \/thei\/ n\u00e0y th\u00ec th\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean \u00e2m y \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 r\u00f5 h\u01a1n \u1edf th\u1eddi \/th\u0259i\/ cho th\u1ea5y \u201cth\u1eddi\u201d l\u00e0 \u00e2m x\u01b0a h\u01a1n tr\u00ean ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean \u00e2m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 \/\u01a1\/ qua nguy\u00ean \u00e2m trung c\u1ed5 \/i\/ c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef \u201cth\u00ec \u6642\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong Ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac H\u1ed3ng Nh\u1eadm, ch\u1eef Nh\u1eadm \u4efbtr\u00e1nh h\u00fay ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc ra Nhi\u1ec7m. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m c\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi \u00e2m -i- c\u1ee7a Nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ed5:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Karlgren: \u0235i \u032fu \u0306m<br \/>\nL\u00ed Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ebf: nj\u0259m<br \/>\nV\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1c: \u0235iu\u0259m<br \/>\nBaxter: njum<br \/>\nTr\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: nj\u026fm<br \/>\nPhan Ng\u1ed9 V\u00e2n: njum<\/p>\n<p>(C\u1ea3 6 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00e2m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi \u00e2m -i- hay -j-)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ch\u1eef Hoa\u83ef, t\u00ean h\u00fay m\u1eb9 vua Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 H\u1ed3 Th\u1ecb Hoa, c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft tr\u00e1nh h\u00fay l\u00e0 \u201cba \u201d\u8469 hay \u82ad (Ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u00f4ng Hoa v\u00e0 c\u1eeda \u0110\u00f4ng Hoa \u1edf Hu\u1ebf b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00f4ng Ba). Ch\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u00e1nh \u00e2m l\u00e0 Hu\u00ea, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u00e1 th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y n\u00ean ngo\u00e0i B\u1eafc th\u1eddi x\u01b0a h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea3 ki\u00eang c\u1eef g\u00ec \u00e2m Hoa c\u1ea3, ch\u1ec9 ki\u00eang khi vi\u1ebft ra th\u00f4i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>X\u00e9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc H\u00f3a (Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a) th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba danh \u201cK\u1ebb Hu\u1ebf\u201d \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb th\u1eddi t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n A.D.Rhodes (1651) v\u1edbi k\u00fd \u00e2m l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00f3\u00ea\u201d nh\u01b0 \u1edf h\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi, th\u00ec \u00e2m Hu\u00ea c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Hoa:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \/a\/ ra \/e\/ (h\u01a1i g\u1ea7n \u00ea) c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u00e2m c\u1ed5 xa=&gt;xe, h\u1ea1=&gt;h\u00e8, tr\u00e0=&gt;ch\u00e8 .v.v. \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi B\u1eafc Thu\u1ed9c n\u1eefa !<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ch\u1eef Ngh\u0129a \u7fa9\u0111\u1ecdc ra Ng\u00e3i (t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecdc ra Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i). C\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng do tr\u00e1nh t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u Ngh\u0129a V\u01b0\u01a1ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Th\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc ra Ng\u00e3i. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a\u7fa9:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Karlgren: \u014bia<br \/>\nL\u00ed Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ebf: \u014bjiarh<br \/>\nV\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1c: \u014biai<br \/>\nBaxter: \u014brjajs<br \/>\nTr\u1ecbnh Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng: \u014brals<br \/>\nPhan Ng\u1ed9 V\u00e2n: \u014bals<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 5 tr\u00ean 6 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m cu\u1ed1i l\u00e0 r\/i\/j\/l l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00e2m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gieo v\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nhau th\u1eddi Kinh Thi (theo GS Nguy\u1ec5n T\u00e0i C\u1ea9n), ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean tr\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y \u201cng\u00e3i\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u1ea3i k\u1ef5 h\u00fay m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>V\u00e0i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V\u1edbi 10 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u0111\u1ea1t h\u01a1n 10% so v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng k\u00ea 80 ch\u1eef h\u00fay tri\u1ec1u Nguy\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Thu (b\u1ea3ng k\u00ea \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u1edf ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c s\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o 2), tuy ch\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00edt, t\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1nh h\u00fay v\u1ec1 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch <strong><em>l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u00e2m c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef c\u1ea7n ki\u00eang h\u00fay<\/em><\/strong>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1ea1i \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa \u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li>C\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t h\u00e0i h\u00f2a, v\u1eeba tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2m c\u1ea7n ki\u00eang h\u00fay, v\u1eeba gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc, v\u1eeba th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 trang nh\u00e3 \u201cth\u00f4ng kim b\u00e1c c\u1ed5\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecdn \u00e2m \u2026 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4i ba vi\u1ec7c\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i n\u00eau trong b\u1ea3ng ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u0169ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0110ang \u0111\u1ecdc ra \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng, khi so th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1n \u201ctr\u00e0ng\u201d, \u201cs\u01a1n\u201d ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1n \u201csan\u201d th\u00ec k\u1ef5 h\u00fay ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng v\u1eady.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u201cCh\u1eef h\u00fay Vi\u1ec7t Nam qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d, Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd, Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u H\u00e1n N\u00f4m. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. 1977.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cH\u00fay k\u1ef5 v\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u00fay th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n\u201d, D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Thu, NXB Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a. Hu\u1ebf. 2002<\/li>\n<li>\u201c \u6f22 \u8a9e \u5b57\u5178\u201d.V\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1c \u201cC\u1ed5 H\u00e1n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cKhang Hy T\u1ef1 \u0110i\u1ec3n\u201d, b\u1ea3n tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn tr\u00ean zdic.net<\/li>\n<li>\u201cHo\u00e0ng Tri\u1ec1u Ng\u1ecdc \u0110i\u1ec7p\u201d, b\u1ea3n PDF ch\u1eef H\u00e1n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li>\u201cA Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology\u201d, William H. Baxter, Mouton de Gruyter Berlin &#8211; New York 1992.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cNgu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t\u201d. Nguy\u1ec5n T\u00e0i C\u1ea9n. NXB \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia , H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. 2000.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cT\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t B\u1ed3 La\u201d, A.D.Rhodes. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Thanh L\u00e3ng. NXB Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i. 1991.<\/li>\n<li>\u201cNguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac T\u1ed9c th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3\u201d. NXB Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a. Hu\u1ebf. 1995.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 H\u00e1n Ng\u1eef s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m t\u1eeb trang <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eastling.org\">http:\/\/www.eastling.org<\/a> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i (trang n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng khai).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Trong t\u1ea5m bia \u1edf ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac Chu l\u00e0m th\u00ec ch\u1eef Chu vi\u1ebft \u9031 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u vi\u1ebft tr\u00e1nh h\u00fay, v\u00ec quy \u01b0\u1edbc trong h\u1ecd ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n th\u00ec t\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 th\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>===<br \/>\nB\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef ph\u01b0\u1edbc\/ph\u00fac :<br \/>\nNh\u00e2n trao \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean FB v\u1edbi c\u1ee5 V\u0129nh Ba (\u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t) n\u00ean l\u01b0u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2y k\u1ebbo sau kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i\u00a0 :<\/p>\n<p>&#8221;<br \/>\n&#8230;\u00a0Ph\u00fac l\u00e0 \u00e2m chu\u1ea9n, Ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u00e2m tr\u00e1nh h\u00fay.<\/p>\n<div dir=\"auto\">&#8212;<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00e1nh \u00e2m h\u00fay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 \u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3.<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u00e0i tr\u00ean &#8220;Hu\u1ebf x\u01b0a v\u00e0 nay&#8221; \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y : https:\/\/dongson.info\/?p=2585<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">B\u00e2y gi\u1edd nh\u00e2n b\u00e1c Ba n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef Ph\u00fac\/Ph\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4i tra l\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c nguy\u00ean \u00e2m H\u00e1n ng\u1eef Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Ph\u00fac \u8914 theo V\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ef1c l\u00e0 phi\u0259k theo W.Baxter l\u00e0 phj\u0259ks<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">Gi\u1edbi \u00e2m -i- hay -j- \u0111\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 -\u01b0- , c\u00f2n \u0259 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u01a1 , t\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 &#8220;ph\u01b0\u1edbc&#8221; ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i &#8220;ph\u00fac&#8221; .<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">&#8212;<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 khui \u00e2m c\u1ed5 ra m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00e2m H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta (\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng theo GS Nguy\u1ec5n T\u00e0i C\u1ea9n) s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1n l\u00ean m\u1ea5t, k\u00e9o theo nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1eddng !<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">V\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang \u00e2m chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 PH\u00daC.<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u\" dir=\"auto\" lang=\"vi-VN\">&#8230;<\/span>&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>(B\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Hu\u1ebf X\u01b0a V\u00e0 Nay) T\u00d3M T\u1eaeT: B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c ch\u1eef h\u00fay t\u1eeb kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ng\u1eef \u00e2m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c c\u1ee9 li\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00e1nh \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef k\u1ef5 h\u00fay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e2m c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3. &nbsp; Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,6,8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2585","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ch-han-vit","category-lch-s-vn","category-ting-vit"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2585","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2585"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2585\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2858,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2585\/revisions\/2858"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2585"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2585"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2585"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}