Suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 D\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt<\/p>\n
Cao Xu\u00e2n H\u1ea1o (D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3, Nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc)<\/em><\/p>\n N\u0103m 2004 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt t\u00e2p h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn trong ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y ba ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n T\u00cdN, \u0110\u1ea0T, NH\u00c3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, trao \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 b\u0103n kho\u0103n v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef NH\u00c3 – m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i b\u0103n kho\u0103n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, v\u00ec ch\u1eef NH\u00c3 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u0103n phong nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cph\u00e0m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i v\u0103n phong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cNH\u00c3\u201d. N\u1ebfu nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng \u201cnh\u00e3\u201d, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1 th\u00f4 l\u1ed7, th\u00ec b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u201cnh\u00e3\u201d ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef \u201ct\u00edn\u201d, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng ngay trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft. Ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ea0T c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, khi\u1ebfn ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm xem nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y ch\u1eef \u0110\u1ea0T l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eef T\u00cdN nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n (T\u00cdN), nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t d\u1edf, trong khi nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u00ec l\u1ebd n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch trung th\u00e0nh? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea9y ra c\u00e1i \u00fd nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ra ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u1eef T\u00cdN theo c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u201cs\u00e1t t\u1eebng ch\u1eef\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc qua m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i ng\u1eef, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 trong bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y ngay r\u1eb1ng d\u1ecbch s\u00e1t t\u1eebng ch\u1eef l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch sai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n [i] .<\/p>\n D\u0129 nhi\u00ean m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ed quy\u1ebft ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch cho \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 cho hay theo th\u1ea9m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd… V\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang trong c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n nh\u01b0 Lev Tolstoy l\u00e0 \u201cch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft v\u0103n\u201d v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ban cho m\u00ecnh c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e0i m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c trang c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i g\u00ec trong h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m trang kh\u00e1c!<\/p>\n Trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 b\u00f3 h\u1eb9p trong ph\u1ea1m vi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch (translation) hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p, g\u1ea1t ra ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, d\u00f9 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. V\u00ec v\u1eady tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 c\u01a1 may \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a M. Fyodorov (1950): \u201cD\u1ecbch l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y (ngu\u1ed3n) sang m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c (\u0111\u00edch) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u00e0nh trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c.\u201d V\u1eady, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a anh ta ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng kia.<\/p>\n V\u1eady \u201cnh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t\u201d m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u00e0nh \u1ea5y (ch\u1eef T\u00cdN, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef T\u00cdN m\u00e0 th\u00f4i!), l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u00ec? V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n c\u00e1i b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u1ea5y? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u00fat n\u00e0o, v\u00ec ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111a di\u1ec7n, kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. Sau \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 mong k\u1ec3 ra nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n 1. Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, d\u00f9 mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 \u201ct\u00ednh th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 2 \u0111\u1ebfn 12 trang th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 200 \u0111\u1ebfn 500 trang, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch s\u01a1 s\u00e0i bu\u1ed3n t\u1ebb th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng pho ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft ly k\u1ef3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft tinh vi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y nguy\u00ean c\u1ed1t chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n. D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb bi\u1ec7t t\u00f4i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4n xi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0n trang ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ra b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee7 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ai c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u1ea5p \u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a: \u201cHay th\u00ec hay tuy\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng… n\u00f3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u1eafm\u201d. T\u00f4i tr\u1ed9m ngh\u0129: c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n 2. Chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3<\/strong><\/p>\n T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 – nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u (k\u1ecbch n\u00f3i, k\u1ecbch th\u01a1, tu\u1ed3ng, ch\u00e8o, c\u1ea3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng) hay m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh, chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft v\u0103n xu\u00f4i th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca c\u00f3 v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u, chuy\u1ec3n truy\u1ec7n ng\u1eafn th\u00e0nh ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n, chuy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch th\u00e0nh v\u00e8 hay th\u00e0nh v\u0169 k\u1ecbch v.v., v.v. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3. D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec nh\u00ecn chung, qua vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 trong nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c, tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, trong \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u1eb3n nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Xin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n sang nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh l\u00e2n c\u1eadn.<\/p>\n 3. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c<\/strong><\/p>\n R\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c, khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebfu nhi. L\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m hay n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang l\u1ebd ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c n\u00f3 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ai c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean l\u1ea1i ch\u00fat \u00edt, sao cho n\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. C\u0169ng xin n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai n\u1ea9y ra c\u00e1i \u00fd ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh, m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u00e2m hay m\u1ed9t v\u0169 k\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o. V\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1ebd gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n: vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n C\u00f2n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e1i h\u00e1t ru con (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 tr\u00edch m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ca dao) th\u00ec c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7\u201d, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ph\u1ea3i h\u00e1t \u0111\u00fang t\u1eebng ch\u1eef khi ru con, v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd phai m\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 sau n\u00e0y nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang nh\u1ea5t, qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c [ii] .<\/p>\n Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ranh gi\u1edbi khu bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1eb3ng qua \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u khi kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y g\u00ec l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00e0y<\/p>\n 4. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt<\/strong><\/p>\n C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khoa v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ed9i dung D\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n (1) Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ngu\u1ed3n (Source Language) \u0111\u1ec3 \u201chi\u1ec3u\u201d th\u1eadt r\u00f5 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u201cmu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i\u201d g\u00ec.<\/p>\n (2) Xo\u00e1 c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n (Deverbalisation of the text)<\/p>\n (3) Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n (qua m\u1ed9t si\u00eau ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh)<\/p>\n (4) T\u00e1i ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ho\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n (Reverbalisation in the Target Language so that the text obtained would be equivalent to that written in the Source Language).<\/p>\n D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n ra th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, k\u00ea c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1eb7c \u1ea9n (implicite), th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c (unconscious). Nh\u01b0ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafc (acquisition) v\u1ed1n tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, mu\u1ed1n d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3n ng\u00f4n ho\u00e1 (explicitating), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3i ra th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ecf t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft, t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eafc v\u1ed1n tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Ta h\u00e3y x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 t\u1eebng c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3n ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n (1), (2) Hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 phi ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ho\u00e1 nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n (x\u00f3a h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n)<\/p>\n C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea3y sinh trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0: t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i x\u00f3a nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 sau khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u00ec trong tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch ph\u1ecfng c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec?<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt [iii] s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p:<\/p>\n – Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb h\u1ebft t\u1eeb ng\u1eef trong m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u1edf h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, n\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch mi\u1ec7ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edb c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng khi hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u v\u0103n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i qu\u00ean c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e2u \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef g\u00ec. S\u1ef1 qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t. Trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc), nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb qu\u00ean \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1i \u00fd m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t. C\u00f3 th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc) m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u00fd \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n – V\u1eady c\u00e1i \u00fd \u1ea5y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec, khi \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean h\u1ebft c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i b\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3?<\/p>\n – C\u00e1i \u00fd \u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe (hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc) d\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefngh\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0129nh (t\u01b0 th\u1ebf, d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb) hay \u0111\u1ed9ng (\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c hay s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng). Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng (ngo\u00e0i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe d\u1ecbch mi\u1ec7ng trong h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng kinh ng\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i tr\u00ed nh\u1edb \u201ck\u1ef3 d\u1ecb\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u1edfng anh ta nh\u1edb h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, trong khi th\u1eadt ra anh ta ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edb c\u00e1ingh\u0129a, c\u00e1i \u00fd m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i ra th\u00f4i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu anh ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i g\u00ec. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea5y ch\u1eef mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean do (t\u1ea1i sao m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u1ebf?) v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 (n\u00f3i th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec?).<\/p>\n N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, phi ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ho\u00e1 nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i quan (introspection) soi s\u00e1ng t\u00e2m tr\u00ed m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1p \u00e2m (noise – hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin) c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201chi\u1ec3u\u201d (comprehension) c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean ngay \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u cho \u0111\u00fang t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i g\u00ec, mu\u1ed1n m\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n (3) C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a, c\u00e1i \u00fd m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa khi ta ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3n ng\u00f4n, b\u1eb1ng si\u00eau ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u1eef d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecdc (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb (speech acts) c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e2u ng\u00f4n h\u00e0nh – performative sentences)<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c chi ly, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf s\u00f3t b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng phu \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe (hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch) hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i h\u1ebft trong ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp ngay trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe (hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch).<\/p>\n Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch v\u1eabn ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n 1. Ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh (presupposition) . Khi g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen h\u1ecfi th\u0103m m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u \u201cAnh \u0111\u00e3 kho\u1ebb ch\u01b0a?\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe (hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch) bi\u1ebft ngay r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nghe ai \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1i ti\u1ec3n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang, anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u201dKho\u1ebb r\u1ed3i\u201d hay \u201cCh\u01b0a kho\u1ebb\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y sai (t\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 anh ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111au \u1ed1m g\u00ec), th\u00ec d\u00f9 c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n, v\u00ec c\u0169ng v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trung th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai.<\/p>\n 2. H\u00e0m ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng (lexical implication) . Khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt trong nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n n\u00f3i \u201cN\u00f3 s\u1eafp c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ee3 m\u1edbi\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe (v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch) bi\u1ebft ngay r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ee3, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u trong c\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb n\u00e0o n\u00f3i r\u00f5 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (n\u00f3 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a con g\u00e1i) v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tuy v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe (v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch) suy di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong c\u00e2u nh\u01b0 c\u01b0\u1edbi v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n 3. H\u00e0m ng\u00f4n h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i (conversational implicature) . Ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m ng\u00f4n h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe (hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u00fd trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i m\u00e0 suy ra m\u1ed9t \u00fd kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ra nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe (hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n khi nghe ai n\u00f3i \u201cH\u00f4m nay n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng say\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe hi\u1ec3u ngay l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00f4m kh\u00e1c n\u00f3 say.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i chung, ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i h\u1ebft n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ra b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe suy ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ngay t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u00dd ngh\u0129a<\/p>\n Khi nghe m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u1edf h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u v\u0103n c\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n d\u1ecbch c\u00e2u \u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chia c\u00e2u \u1ea5y ra th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng \u201cc\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t hi\u1ec3u cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eeba nghe hay v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ecdc xong. Nh\u1eefng \u201cc\u1ee5m t\u1eeb\u201d n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi ng\u1eef l\u01b0u (nh\u1eefng ng\u1eef \u0111o\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb gh\u00e9p, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef, v.v.). Lederer g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u00dd ngh\u0129a (Unit\u00e9s de sens).<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 qu\u00ean ngay nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef v\u1eeba nghe hay v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 theo b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghe hay \u0111\u1ecdc, h\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00fac n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn \u00fd ngh\u0129a (v\u00e0 qu\u00ean ngay t\u1eeb ng\u1eef) c\u1ee7a kh\u00fac \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp theo nhau (v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o l\u00ean nhau) trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u v\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n, r\u1ed3i h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa,, nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c phi ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ho\u00e1 trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd cho h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e0i m\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nghe m\u1ed9t hai ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3 \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n (4) T\u00e1i ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/p>\n C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, – v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 – l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ho\u00e1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi \u0111\u1ecdc nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng \u00fd v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00edch – th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t cho b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh..<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean kia, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng (equivalent) v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, n\u1ed9i dung c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. V\u1eady mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec?<\/p>\n T\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch so v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh hai d\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n: b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (\u00e9quivalence cognitive) v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n x\u00fac c\u1ea3m (\u00e9quivalence affective)<\/p>\n 1. T\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n T\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung cho ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung n\u00e0y l\u00e0 cho b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00edch.<\/p>\n C\u00e1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng (correspondences) v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t. V\u00ec v\u1eady gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n l\u1eadp (isolating) v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh (analytic) \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc [iv], ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef trong ng\u1eef danh t\u1eeb (ph\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh sau), trong khi ng\u1eef v\u1ecb t\u1eeb th\u00ec v\u1eabn theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5 sau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t. Hu\u1ed1ng chi trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb 70% \u0111\u1ebfn 80% t\u1eeb ng\u1eef g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u1eef \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh danh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t\u201d [v] .<\/p>\n C\u00f2n gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, v\u1ed1n thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh khu\u1ea5t chi\u1ebft hay bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh (inflectional) v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (synthetic) r\u1ea5t cao, c\u00e1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, cho n\u00ean \u00edt khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t, gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean. Trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y sang ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kia, c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n phi ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ho\u00e1 l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Khi \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t, th\u00e0 xo\u00e1 h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ef5\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng \u00c2u ch\u00e2u c\u00f2n h\u01a1n m\u1ea3i loay hoay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u1ea5y m\u00e0 sao l\u00e3ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm cho ra c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t cho th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u1eadt hay nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n T\u00f4i c\u00f2n nh\u1edb m\u00e3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u v\u0103n trong s\u00e1ch \u201ckinh \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d do m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 50 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua:<\/p>\n C\u1ee9 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e0 n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i g\u1eb7m c\u1ecf n\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con c\u1eebu c\u00e1i.<\/p>\n Trong nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p (xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u1eeba d\u1eabn), ta th\u1ea5y:<\/p>\n De ce train-l\u00e0, les hommes en viendront \u00e0 brouter l\u2019herbe des pr\u00e9s comme les brebis.<\/p>\n T\u00f4i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 trong s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch th\u1eadt s\u00e1t nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u00e1ch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n v\u0103n m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch sai d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m c\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i cho h\u1eadu th\u1ebf nh\u0169ng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4n l\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec ban bi\u00ean t\u1eadp ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n (a). d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 d\u1ecbch s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1i \u00fd m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i;<\/p>\n (b). d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, les hommeskh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta; khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u00f5 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, cho n\u00ean vi\u1ebft \u0103n c\u1ecf nh\u01b0 c\u1eebu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u1eebu c\u00e1i m\u1eddi \u0103n c\u1ecf, c\u00f2n c\u1eebu \u0111\u1ef1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n D\u00f9 c\u00e2u d\u1eabn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u th\u1ea7n ch\u00fa, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u linh thi\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb sinh t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea5n nguy\u1ec7n, th\u00ec c\u00e1ch d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1eabn l\u00e0 sai v\u00ec d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch, v\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t th\u1eeba d\u01b0 (redundancies) n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Minh Chi nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n than phi\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kinh Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu, v\u00ec Kinh Ph\u1eadt \u201cch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u1ee5ng ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u\u201d.<\/p>\n 2. T\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m<\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft chung \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh x\u00fac c\u1ea3m gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n, v\u00ec tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 mu\u00f4n h\u00ecnh v\u1ea1n tr\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed7i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 x\u00fac c\u1ea3m trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc, hay phong c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc, hay h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n (rhetorics). B\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n x\u00fac c\u1ea3m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef, nh\u1eefng t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef, nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i m\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n gian \u0111\u00e3 nhu\u1ed9m nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc x\u00fac c\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n T\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 hai b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n x\u00fac c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nhu\u1ea7n nhuy\u1ec5n tr\u00ean kh\u1eafc c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 t\u00f4n ti gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Werner Koller (1992) v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt:<\/p>\n * b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (denotative \u00c4quivalence)<\/p>\n * n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n: \u00e2m v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, bi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n (konnotative \u00c4quivalence)<\/p>\n * n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n (textnormative \u00c4quivalence)<\/p>\n * n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi v\u1ed1n tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p (pragmatische \u00c4quivalence)<\/p>\n * cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n (formal-\u00e4sthetische \u00c4quivalence).<\/p>\n Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a W. Koller \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c hay ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1eabn c\u1ea3m tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i xem th\u1eed m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y c\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n Ngay trong c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea5n t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch so v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n, W. Koller kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean l\u00fd chung c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt: d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xo\u00e1 s\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n *<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u00e2t x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi (so v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft T\u00cdN-\u0110\u1ea0T-NH\u00c3 c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0i n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 mong sao nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong ng\u00e0nh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n quan t\u00e2m \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c cho d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 trau d\u1ed3i tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n —-<\/p>\n [i] Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 PGS. Phan Ng\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n c\u0103n d\u1eb7n c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 r\u1eb1ng \u201cmu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed5i, ch\u1ee9 tr\u00e2t t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef y nguy\u00ean\u201d.<\/p>\n [ii] M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ca dao th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng khi ru con r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00ec n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u201cch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p\u201d.(ngay s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa d\u1ea1y ti\u1ebfng c\u0169ng r\u00e2t \u00edt khi d\u1eabn ca dao, v\u00ec c\u00e2u ca dao t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y m\u00e0 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111em d\u1ea1y cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t).<\/p>\n [iii] Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e2y: Lederer M. La traduction aujourd\u2019hui. Le mod\u00e8le interpr\u00e9tatif. Hachette 1994; Seleskovich D.Traduire, de l\u2019exp\u00e9rience au concept. \u00c9tudes de Linguistique Appliqu\u00e9e 24. Didier 1986. Sperber D. & Wilson D. Relevance, Communication and Cognition. Blackwell 1986. Sartre J. P. Qu\u2019est-que la litt\u00e9rature. Gallimard 1985. Steiner G. After Babel.Aspects of Language and Translation. Oxford U.P. 1978; Delisle J. L\u2019analyse du discours comme m\u00e9thode de traduction. P.U.Ottawa 1984; Koller, W.Einf\u00fchrung in die \u00dcbersetzungwissenschaft. Heidelberg. 1992.<\/p>\n [iv] \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n\u201dc\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d (th\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng\u2013T\u1ed1ng), v\u00ec ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ch\u1eafp d\u00ednh (agglutinating languages) v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 t\u1ed1 (affixes), do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 (grammaticalisation) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u201cth\u1ef1c t\u1eeb\u201d v\u1ed1n mang ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng (lexical meaning) nh\u01b0 danh t\u1eeb (nouns) v\u00e0 v\u1ecb t\u1eeb (verbs), nay \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng (\u201ch\u01b0 ho\u00e1\u201d) m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p (nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 t\u1eed, nhi, nh\u0129, t\u1ed1, \u0111\u00edch, v,v,).<\/p>\n [v] Danh ng\u1eef n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u201ct\u1eeb thu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3.. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u201ct\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201dvay m\u01b0\u1ee3n\u201d t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i\u00ef r\u1ed3i \u0111em du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, ti\u1ebfng Anh hay Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb \u201dthu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi khai thi\u00ean l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba. Th\u1eadt ra t\u1eeb \u201cthu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t\u201d h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c Th\u00e1i, g\u1ed1c M\u01b0\u1eddng hay g\u1ed1c M\u00f4n-Khmer. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, n\u1eb1m trong l\u1edbp h\u1ea1 t\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng \u201cthu\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t\u201d,ch\u1ee9 tuy\u1ec7t nh\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb m\u1edbi vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i<\/span>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 D\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt Cao Xu\u00e2n H\u1ea1o (D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3, Nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc) N\u0103m 2004 c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt t\u00e2p h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn trong ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y ba ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n T\u00cdN, \u0110\u1ea0T, NH\u00c3 l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, trao \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-t-liu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=654"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":656,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654\/revisions\/656"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=654"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=654"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dongson.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=654"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}